O PAPEL DA ROBÓTICA SUBMARINA NA TRANSIÇÃO ENERGÉTICA OFFSHORE: SUPORTE A EÓLICAS MARINHAS, HIDROGÊNIO VERDE E CCS
REGISTRO DOI: 10.69849/revistaft/ra10202602131928
Igor Barcelo Uchoa de Castro1
Abstract
In recent years, the offshore energy transition has been structured around three main and interdependent vectors. The first is the expansion of offshore wind generation, which has become established as a renewable source with high energy capacity. The second concerns the development of green hydrogen (H₂) value chains and their derivatives, supported both by the availability of renewable electricity and by the strengthening of port infrastructure. The third vector refers to the advancement of carbon capture and geological storage initiatives (CCS/CCUS), which are increasingly recognized as relevant mitigation options for hard-to-abate sectors. Despite their specificities, these pathways share a common operational foundation that is strongly dependent on subsea activities, such as seabed surveys and inspections, installation and integrity verification of cables and pipelines, interventions in submerged structures, environmental monitoring, and risk management. In this context, underwater robotics, particularly remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), has assumed a central role as enabling technological infrastructure, as it supports cost reductions, enhances operational safety, and generates strategic information for regulatory and industrial decision-making. Based on a bibliographic review of studies developed in Brazil, including theses, dissertations, and scientific articles, this study systematizes evidence on the use of ROVs and AUVs to support offshore wind farms, on inspection and monitoring activities associated with offshore CCS, and on the interfaces between underwater robotics and green hydrogen pathways, especially with regard to infrastructure, asset integrity, and licensing processes. As a contribution, the article proposes an integrative analytical framework structured around the dimensions of governance, technology, and operations, aimed at supporting public policy design and industrial strategies by linking underwater robotics to energy security, sustainability, and the national interest.
Keywords: underwater robotics; offshore wind energy; green hydrogen; subsea inspection; energy transition.
Resumo: A transição energética offshore vem se estruturando, nos últimos anos, a partir de três vetores principais e interdependentes. O primeiro é a ampliação da geração eólica em ambiente marinho, que se consolida como uma fonte renovável de elevada capacidade energética. O segundo corresponde à formação de cadeias produtivas voltadas ao hidrogênio verde (H₂V) e a seus derivados, sustentadas tanto pela disponibilidade de eletricidade renovável quanto pelo fortalecimento da infraestrutura portuária. O terceiro vetor refere-se ao avanço de iniciativas de captura e armazenamento geológico de carbono (CCS/CCUS), reconhecidas como alternativas relevantes para a mitigação de emissões em setores de difícil descarbonização. Apesar de suas especificidades, essas frentes compartilham uma mesma base operacional, fortemente dependente de atividades subaquáticas, tais como levantamentos e inspeções do leito marinho, instalação e verificação da integridade de cabos e dutos, intervenções em estruturas submersas, monitoramento ambiental e gestão de riscos. Nesse contexto, a robótica submarina, em especial os veículos operados remotamente (ROVs) e os veículos autônomos subaquáticos (AUVs), passa a ocupar um papel central como infraestrutura tecnológica de apoio, ao viabilizar a redução de custos operacionais, o aumento dos níveis de segurança e a produção de informações estratégicas para a tomada de decisão regulatória e industrial. Com base em uma revisão bibliográfica de estudos desenvolvidos no Brasil, incluindo teses, dissertações e artigos científicos, este trabalho sistematiza evidências sobre o uso de ROVs e AUVs no suporte a parques eólicos offshore, nas atividades de inspeção e monitoramento vinculadas ao CCS em ambiente marinho e nas interfaces entre a robótica submarina e as rotas do hidrogênio verde, especialmente no que se refere à infraestrutura, à integridade de ativos e aos processos de licenciamento. Como contribuição, propõe-se um quadro analítico integrador, articulado em torno das dimensões de governança, tecnologia e operação, destinado a apoiar a formulação de políticas públicas e estratégias industriais, ao relacionar a robótica submarina à segurança energética, à sustentabilidade e ao interesse nacional.
Palavras-chave: robótica submarina; energia eólica offshore; hidrogênio verde; inspeção submarina; transição energética.
1 Introduction
The energy transition in the maritime environment imposes a particular set of technical, operational, and economic challenges associated with severe environmental conditions, high logistical costs, restricted operational windows, and the permanent need for reliable data for the stages of project design, licensing, and operation. At the same time, the ocean space offers relevant opportunities for expanding energy infrastructure, such as the greater regularity of wind regimes, the availability of areas for large-scale developments, and the possibility of leveraging competencies already consolidated in the offshore oil and gas chain, especially in countries such as Brazil. In this scenario, offshore wind energy has been analyzed not only as a new frontier of renewable generation, but also as a potential instrument for decarbonizing maritime operations themselves, by enabling the electrical supply of platforms and installations with low-carbon sources.
Complementarily, green hydrogen (GH₂) has gained space as an energy vector and strategic input for reducing emissions in carbon-intensive sectors such as fertilizer production, refining, and steelmaking, with emphasis on regional initiatives structured around ports and renewable generation hubs. In a third strand, carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCS/CCUS) technologies are often indicated as alternatives for mitigating residual emissions, although their implementation in the offshore environment demands high levels of technical, regulatory, and environmental rigor.
Despite the differences among these chains, all share the same operational requirement: carrying out activities in a submerged environment involving seabed mapping, installation and inspection of cables and pipelines, verification of the structural integrity of assets, support for technical interventions, and risk monitoring, including leaks and potential environmental impacts. It is precisely at this operational level that remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) assume a strategic role. In the Brazilian context, academic literature already presents relevant contributions, covering, for example, planning of subsea maintenance operations, inspection of pipelines and structures using AUVs, detection and tracking of pipelines by autonomous vehicles, and the development of ROV-assisted inspection tools.
Given this panorama, this article seeks to systematize academic references produced in Brazil that may strengthen the theoretical and empirical foundations of studies on underwater robotics applied to the offshore energy transition, as well as to propose an integrative framework that articulates underwater robotics with public policies, industrial strategy, and national interest, considering dimensions associated with energy, sustainability, security, and technological competitiveness.
2 METHODOLOGY
The research was conducted through a qualitative bibliographic review structured around three central thematic axes: underwater robotics, with emphasis on ROVs and AUVs, inspection, and autonomy levels; offshore wind energy and subsea electrical infrastructure; and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCS/CCUS) and green hydrogen pathways, with specific focus on offshore infrastructure. Priority was given to academic production developed in Brazil, including theses, dissertations, and scientific articles located in university repositories and national information bases, such as institutional repositories, the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD), and technical-scientific proceedings.
The selection of works considered adherence to at least one of the following criteria: direct technical contribution to inspection, mapping, detection, localization, or planning of subsea operations; applicability to the main critical subsea assets, such as pipelines, cables, structures, risers, and equipment installed on the seabed; articulation with licensing, risk assessment, and regulation topics, with special attention to offshore CCS projects; and relevance for formulating industrial strategies and designing public policies, especially with regard to structuring green hydrogen hubs, technological competitiveness, and governance instruments.
3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
3.1 ROVs and AUVs: functional differences and complementarities
Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are teleoperated systems connected by an umbilical cable that ensures continuous power supply and real-time communication, making them particularly suitable for detailed inspections, high-resolution imaging, measurements, manipulator operations, and direct interventions in submerged structures. Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), in turn, operate independently, without physical connection to the surface, which allows them to cover large areas more efficiently, and they are especially indicated for mapping activities and inspections along cable and pipeline corridors. In general, these systems are equipped with side-scan and multibeam sonars, cameras, and inertial sensors, enabling integrated acquisition of geometric and visual data from the underwater environment.
In Brazilian academic production dedicated to inspection with AUVs, a recurring aspect concerns the importance of trajectory planning and the integration of different sensors to ensure that the inspected asset, such as pipelines or structures, remains continuously within an adequate operational zone, with signal quality compatible with inspection objectives. This concern is discussed in depth, for example, in Sonaglio (2017), which addresses challenges associated with navigation and maintaining inspection geometry in complex underwater environments.
The literature also shows that complementarity between these two classes of vehicles is a central element for operational efficiency. While AUVs are particularly effective for locating, mapping, and contextualizing large areas, ROVs stand out in the stages of detailed verification and intervention, in which a high degree of precision and fine control are required. The combination of these platforms tends to reduce the time of use of support vessels and improve operational risk management, especially in ultra-deepwater scenarios and in installations with greater structural complexity.
3.2 Subsea asset integrity and risk-based inspection
The offshore energy transition introduces an additional set of subsea assets, such as power export cables, wind turbine foundations, offshore substations, pipelines intended for CO₂ transport, and, prospectively, also hydrogen and its derivatives, while simultaneously enabling the reuse of already existing structures, such as infrastructure originating from the oil and gas industry, installation corridors, specialized vessels, and consolidated inspection practices. In this context, Brazilian academic production has shown that inspection strategies for these assets are strongly conditioned by critical phenomena associated with the marine environment, such as stress corrosion processes, failures in flexible pipelines, and accelerated degradation mechanisms in submerged structures, in addition to indicating how instrumentation embarked on ROVs can be designed and adapted to meet specific technical demands.
An illustrative example is the dissertation proposing the development of an ROV-based subsea inspection tool aimed at evaluating flexible pipelines susceptible to CO₂-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC-CO₂), offering a particularly relevant focus for applications associated with carbon capture, transport, and storage environments (CCUS/CO₂) (NOGUEIRA JÚNIOR, 2025).
3.3 Perception, localization, and “digital twins”
For underwater robotic systems to effectively support engineering decisions and licensing processes, the mere acquisition of images is not enough. It becomes necessary to associate these observations with reliable positioning information, reconstruct the inspected environment, and produce technical records that can be verified and audited later. In this sense, Brazilian literature has advanced in studies focused on underwater vehicle localization and on the integration of visual and acoustic sensors, indicating technological alternatives capable of increasing operational robustness in scenarios characterized by low visibility and high geometric complexity, as discussed by Soto (2020).
In parallel, there has been growth in approaches based on “digital twins” applied to subsea inspection, using three-dimensional reconstructions and the integration of multiple data sources to support maintenance activities and asset integrity management. This trend directly aligns with current demands for regulatory traceability and greater efficiency in operation and maintenance routines, especially in offshore wind energy developments and in offshore carbon capture and storage projects.
3.4 ROVs and AUVs in supporting offshore wind farms
Offshore wind energy developments require subsea activities from the earliest stages of project conception. Still in the pre-project phase, site characterization studies are needed, involving bathymetric surveys, geological analyses, and the identification of geotechnical risks. Next, corridors and routes are defined for the installation of export and inter-array cables. During the installation phase, submerged operations support foundation installation, anchoring in floating wind projects, and post-lay inspections of cables. In the operation and maintenance stage, activities focus on inspections of foundations, local scour processes, protection systems, cables, connectors, and offshore substations. Finally, decommissioning also requires subsea operations aimed at the safe removal of structures and monitoring of affected areas.
Throughout this cycle, AUVs tend to assume a more relevant role in large-scale surveys, such as those carried out along cable corridors and across extensive installation areas, while ROVs are more employed in detailed inspections and in punctual verifications of specific components. In the Brazilian context, the literature on offshore wind energy has highlighted the importance of consistent methodologies for technical, environmental, and economic evaluation, as well as planning processes capable of incorporating local particularities. Recent studies developed in the country have addressed offshore wind potential, atmospheric modeling, and possible impacts and implications for public policies, providing relevant inputs for the pre-project stage and for environmental licensing processes (FERNANDES, 2025).
Subsea electrical infrastructure, especially cables, constitutes one of the most critical and sensitive elements of offshore wind development, since failures in these systems tend to result in operational unavailability and high costs for repair and mobilization. Although much of the technical literature on subsea inspection with AUVs was originally developed in the context of the oil and gas industry, its methodological foundations offer consistent support for the analysis and monitoring of electrical cables, especially with regard to defining sensor coverage, trajectory planning, and integrating sonars and cameras for anomaly identification and ensuring traceability of collected information (SONAGLIO, 2017).
In the context of operation and maintenance activities for wind farms, this logic materializes in inspections along cable corridors aimed at detecting exposed sections, displacement of protection systems, interaction with the seabed, and formation of local scour zones, with subsequent detailed verification using ROVs. The incorporation of risk-based inspection principles allows, in this process, prioritization of areas where the history of metocean conditions, maritime traffic, and geological characteristics indicates a higher probability of damage occurrence.
In parallel, part of the more recent Brazilian academic agenda has discussed offshore wind energy not only as a new generation frontier, but also as an instrument for decarbonizing existing maritime operations through partial electrification of platforms and reduction of emissions associated with local energy generation. This perspective reinforces the strategic value of competencies already consolidated in the country, such as the availability of specialized vessels, the subsea services chain, and inspection practices, contributing to lowering entry barriers and accelerating industrial learning.
3.5 Underwater robotics and offshore green hydrogen: infrastructure, integrity, and licensing
The integration of green hydrogen into the offshore context occurs primarily through two complementary vectors. The first is associated with the large-scale use of renewable electricity—including offshore wind generation—for hydrogen production via electrolysis, whether in onshore facilities, in port areas, or, in prospective scenarios, in units located within the maritime environment itself. The second vector relates to the need to deploy transport, storage, and offtake infrastructure, involving pipelines, terminals, and the use of energy carriers such as ammonia and methanol. Brazilian academic literature on green hydrogen has focused mainly on strategic and competitiveness aspects, with emphasis on the structuring of port hubs, governance models, innovation policies, and the role of economic instruments, with particular attention to studies on the Ceará hub and analyses of value chains and applicable tax regimes (Benvindo, 2024; Araújo, 2024).
From an operational standpoint, even when hydrogen production takes place onshore, the configuration of this value chain tends to require subsea solutions, whether through the installation of new pipelines, the adaptation of existing gas pipelines, the deployment of subsea lines, or electrical cables intended to supply coastal facilities, in addition to the possibility of future infrastructure in the offshore environment. This arrangement repositions subsea inspection and maintenance as structuring components of value-chain reliability, functioning in practice as a necessary cost to ensure the safety, availability, and integrity of the assets involved. Although Brazilian academic production on green hydrogen still predominantly concentrates on economic, industrial policy, and feasibility approaches, there is clear room for incorporating underwater robotics as an operational layer capable of sustaining this infrastructure. In this sense, autonomous underwater vehicles can support surveys and route mapping for coastal and offshore infrastructure, while remotely operated vehicles are better suited for integrity inspection of associated lines and structures. In addition, robotic systems can play a relevant role in the environmental monitoring required in licensing and compliance processes, as well as in building technical databases for audits and traceability through historical inspection records, three-dimensional reconstructions, and digital asset models.
The methodological base already consolidated in Brazilian literature on AUV-based inspection—especially with regard to trajectory planning and the definition of sensor coverage—together with recent developments of ROV-based inspection tools for critical environments, provides technical foundations that can be directly reused, even when the assets under analysis shift from oil and gas pipelines to the infrastructure of low-carbon energy systems (Sonaglio, 2017; Nogueira Junior, 2025).
3.6 Inspection and monitoring for offshore CCS
Implementing carbon capture and geological storage projects in the offshore environment involves a particularly complex decision chain, ranging from site selection and geological characterization of formations, through injection design, integrity management of wells and lines, to continuous environmental monitoring and the definition of long-term liability regimes. In the Brazilian context, recent academic production has advanced consistently both in analyzing environmental impact assessment instruments applicable to geological storage in the maritime environment and in discussing its legal-regulatory foundations and public interest, highlighting the need for institutional arrangements capable of dealing with technical, environmental, and social risks associated with this activity (Pontes, 2025; Machado e Silva, 2022). In parallel, public policy-oriented studies have identified relevant coordination bottlenecks among agencies, limitations in available economic instruments, and challenges in designing appropriate policy mixes to enable CCS projects, which reinforces the centrality of reliable monitoring, reporting, and verification systems, as well as the production of technically consistent and auditable data (Marques Junior, 2024).
In this scenario, the initial stage of selecting geological formations, including saline aquifers, and preliminary risk assessment depends strongly on structured methodologies and data obtained in offshore campaigns. Recent works developed in the country have discussed in detail the technical challenges, risks, and opportunities associated with storage in saline aquifers, proposing procedures for screening and initial selection of areas with higher potential, which, in practice, presupposes the execution of systematic mapping, characterization, and monitoring activities of the subsea environment (Matos, 2025). In this operational context, underwater robotics can be incorporated as a platform supporting field data collection, combining the use of AUVs for reconnaissance and seabed mapping with ROVs for localized inspections, installation of instrumentation, and verification of anomalies. The possibility of associating each record with precise time and position information and spatial reconstruction gives these systems particular relevance, since CCS projects are characterized by long horizons and a permanent need for producing traceable technical evidence.
Beyond characterization, offshore CCS projects tend to require the implementation of new pipeline routes for CO₂ transport or the adaptation of existing infrastructure, as well as specific strategies for integrity management of equipment simultaneously exposed to marine environments and high concentrations of CO₂. At this point, Brazilian technical literature has begun to explore more directly the impacts of this context on subsea engineering and maintenance. The dissertation developing an ROV-based inspection tool for evaluating flexible pipelines subject to CO₂-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC-CO₂) is a representative example of how the combination of CO₂ and the marine environment imposes additional requirements on inspection systems and structural integrity procedures (Nogueira Junior, 2025).
Governance of offshore CCS projects, in turn, depends on clear rules related to environmental monitoring, performance criteria, uncertainty management, and the eventual transfer of long-term responsibilities—topics addressed by Brazilian legal literature within the structuring of regulatory frameworks, civil liability, and protection of the public interest (Machado e Silva, 2022; Cupertino, 2018). In this respect, underwater robotics ceases to be merely an operational tool and begins to directly influence the design of public policies, insofar as it defines what can be monitored, with what level of precision, at what cost, and with what frequency. Regulatory regimes tend to be more feasible and institutionally robust when they rely on monitoring technologies capable of enabling independent verification and continuous production of traceable technical evidence, in which subsea robotic systems play an increasingly relevant role.
3.7 Connection to the national interest
From the perspective of public policies, the green hydrogen chain has recurrently been framed as an agenda aimed at the country’s competitive insertion in international markets, attracting productive investments, and increasing the value added of energy activities, especially in regions that combine high renewable generation potential with logistical infrastructure associated with port complexes. In this context, underwater robotics becomes relevant not only as an operational tool but as a structuring factor for technological capacity building, as it contributes to reducing risks associated with the implementation and operation of infrastructure, increases the reliability levels of offshore systems, and, at the same time, opens space for strengthening research, development, and innovation activities and consolidating a national industrial base in areas such as sensors, software, systems integration, and specialized services provision in the maritime environment (GARCIA; CARVALHO, 2022; BENVINDO, 2024).
4 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Underwater robotics is not merely a set of operational tools but enabling infrastructure for the offshore energy transition. The results indicate that these systems perform structuring functions by combining the large-scale coverage capability provided by AUVs with the level of detail and intervention enabled by ROVs, which contributes to reducing vessel mobilization time, decreasing human exposure to risk, and increasing operational efficiency. In addition, the production of georeferenced, repeatable, and auditable data significantly improves the quality of the informational basis available for engineering decision-making processes, for insurers’ analyses, for investor assessments, and for regulators’ actions. Added to this is the possibility of structuring risk-based inspection programs capable of anticipating failures and supporting integrity management of critical assets such as cables, pipelines, and subsea structures. Brazilian technical literature dedicated to AUV inspection and the development of ROV-embarked tools offers, in this sense, consistent foundations for mission design, trajectory planning, and sensor integration focused on inspection reliability (Sonaglio, 2017; Nogueira Junior, 2025).
The integration of field data, associated with three-dimensional reconstruction techniques and the construction of digital twins, substantially increases the value of this information, which ceases to be restricted to punctual visual records and becomes comparable models over time, capable of supporting audits, maintenance programs, and regulatory verification processes. This characteristic is particularly relevant in carbon capture and storage projects, in which monitoring and contingency response capacity are central, as well as in operation and maintenance routines of offshore wind farms, which require periodic and traceable inspections.
There is also a practical convergence among the domains of offshore wind energy, green hydrogen, and CCS, since all depend on subsea infrastructure and robust asset integrity management strategies. In this context, investments in underwater robotics in Brazil tend to generate economies of scope by enabling the same competence base—encompassing software development, sensing systems, technological integration, and offshore operations—to be applied across different value chains associated with the energy transition. From the perspective of public policies and industrial strategy, this characteristic gives robotics a relevant “migratory value,” insofar as its technological capabilities can be transferred among sectors, simultaneously reinforcing energy security and the resilience of critical infrastructure, environmental sustainability through continuous monitoring and risk mitigation, competitiveness associated with strengthening national technological content and exporting specialized services, and evidence-based governance grounded in verifiable technical information.
In the specific case of CCS, Brazilian literature has shown that consolidating a functional regulatory framework and enabling projects depends not only on defining clear legal and institutional instruments, but also on the existence of effective environmental and operational monitoring capacity, as well as adequate allocation of responsibilities and protection of the public interest (Machado e Silva, 2022; Marques Junior, 2024; Pontes, 2025). In the green hydrogen field, studies on competitiveness and hub structuring, such as the Ceará case, emphasize the importance of interinstitutional coordination, technological innovation, and appropriate economic arrangements, in which robotics can be understood as a transversal technological layer capable of reducing risks and increasing the robustness of the infrastructure that will sustain this emerging chain (Benvindo, 2024; Garcia; Carvalho, 2022). Similarly, in the offshore wind agenda, national analyses on potential, modeling, and impacts reinforce that the expansion of this segment will require consistent technical standards, reliable evaluation methods, and maritime operational capacity—exactly the space in which underwater robotics positions itself as a central enabling element.
5 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Underwater robotics tends to assume an increasingly central role in the offshore energy transition, especially due to three converging factors. First, its use directly contributes to reducing human exposure to high-risk activities and decreasing costs associated with subsea operations. Second, robotic systems enable the generation of traceable, repeatable, and auditable technical information, which becomes indispensable for engineering decisions, for risk pricing by insurers, and for regulators’ actions. Finally, consolidating this technological base creates a set of capabilities that can be reused transversally across different energy transition chains—especially offshore wind energy, green hydrogen, and carbon capture and storage projects—thereby increasing the social, technological, and industrial return on investments.
Brazilian academic production already provides a consistent set of contributions capable of supporting this interpretation with technical rigor. Noteworthy are studies focused on inspection using autonomous underwater vehicles, asset detection and localization, planning of subsea maintenance operations, as well as the development of tools embarked on remotely operated vehicles for critical environments associated with the presence of CO₂. Added to this is a relevant body of research dedicated to offshore CCS, ranging from environmental impact assessments and discussions on regulatory frameworks to analyses of public policies and liability regimes. The articulation of these different strands supports the argument that underwater robotics should not be understood as an accessory element of offshore operations, but as strategic infrastructure capable of connecting technological development, the national interest in energy security, environmental sustainability, and the strengthening of industrial competitiveness.
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1Associate degree in Electronics pela Escola Técnica Electra