EXAMINANDO EL EFECTO DE LA EDAD RELATIVA: UN ANÁLISIS EXHAUSTIVO DE LA CLASIFICACIÓN INDIVIDUAL EN EL RANKING FIBA3X3 EN LA CATEGORÍA MASCULINA SUB-18
INVESTIGANDO O EFEITO DA IDADE RELATIVA: UMA AVALIAÇÃO DETALHADA DA CLASSIFICAÇÃO INDIVIDUAL NO RANKING FIBA3X3 NA CATEGORIA MASCULINA SUB-18
REGISTRO DOI: 10.69849/revistaft/th10248151806
Douglas dos Santos Taborda1
Robson Ruiz Olivoto2
José Carlos Mendes3
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship of Relative Age with the individual classification of the FIBA3x3 Ranking in the under-18 male category. The sample consisted of 331 subjects, aged between 16-18 years, ±17.5, dp 0.83. The Kruskal Wallis test demonstrated no effect of the National Ranking position on the Birth Quartile [X2(3) = 7,165; P>0.05]; there was an effect of the Birth Month on the Birth Quartile [X2(3) = 306,495; P<0.001]; and there was an effect of Decimal Age on the Birth Quartile [X2(3) = 56.48; P<0.001]. It was found that there was no significant difference between the averages of the national ranking position for each birth quartile (p>0.05). The correlation between the variables birth quartile, national ranking, decimal age and birth month was carried out through the Spearman coefficient, with a significance level of 95% (p<0.05). There was no RAE in the National Ranking when comparing the variables birth month and decimal age. It is inferred that the RAE did not present a robust correlation when comparing the birth quartiles with the positioning in the national ranking of Brazilian athletes in the under18 category of 3×3 basketball.
Keywords: Relative Age; Sports Training; 3×3 Basketball.
RESUMEN
El objetivo de esta investigación fue investigar la relación de la Edad Relativa con la clasificación individual del Ranking FIBA3x3 en la categoría masculina sub-18. La muestra consistió en 331 sujetos, con edades entre 16-18 años, ±17.5, dp 0.83. La prueba de Kruskal Wallis demostró que no hay efecto de la posición del Ranking Nacional en el Cuartil de Nacimiento [X2(3) = 7,165; P>0,05]; hubo un efecto del Mes de Nacimiento en el Cuartil de Nacimiento [X2(3) = 306,495; P<0,001]; y, hubo un efecto de la Edad Decimal en el Cuartil de Nacimiento [X2(3) = 56.48; P<0.001]. Se encontró que no había una diferencia significativa entre los promedios de la posición del ranking nacional para cada cuartil de nacimiento (p>0,05). La correlación entre las variables cuartil de nacimiento, ranking nacional, edad decimal y mes de nacimiento se llevó a cabo a través del coeficiente de Spearman, con un nivel de significancia del 95% (p<0,05). No hubo EIR en el Ranking Nacional al comparar las variables mes de nacimiento y edad decimal. Se infiere que el EIR no presentó una correlación robusta al comparar los cuartiles de nacimiento con la posición en el ranking nacional de los atletas brasileños en la categoría sub-18 del baloncesto 3×3.
Palabras clave: Edad Relativa; Formación Deportiva; Baloncesto 3×3.
RESUMO
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a relação da Idade Relativa com a classificação individual do Ranking da FIBA3x3 na categoria sub-18 masculina. A amostra foi composta por 331 sujeitos, com idades entre 16-18 anos, ±17,5, dp 0,83. O teste de Kruskal Wallis demonstrou não ocorrer efeito da posição do Ranking Nacional sobre o Quartil de Nascimento [X2(3) = 7,165; P>0,05]; houve efeito do Mês de Nascimento sobre o Quartil de Nascimento [X2(3) = 306,495; P<0,001]; e, houve efeito da Idade Decimal sobre o Quartil de Nascimento [X2(3) = 56,48; P<0,001]. Verificou-se que não houve diferença significativa entre as médias da posição do ranking nacional para cada quartil de nascimento (p>0,05). A correlação entre as variáveis quartil de nascimento, ranking nacional, idade decimal e mês de nascimento foi realizada através do coeficiente de Spearman, com grau de significância de 95% (p<0,05). Não houve EIR no Ranking Nacional quando comparadas as variáveis mês de nascimento e idade decimal. Infere-se que o EIR não apresentou correlação robusta quando comparados os quartis de nascimento com o posicionamento no ranking nacional dos atletas brasileiros da categoria sub-18 da modalidade de basquetebol 3×3.
Palavras-chave: Idade Relativa; Formação Esportiva; Basquetebol 3×3.
INTRODUCTION
Biological maturation, a pivotal phase impacting attributes such as stature and velocity during puberty, represents a crucial determinant in identifying and fostering talent in youth sports (Malina et al., 2015; Ared et al., 2019; Guimarães et al., 2019; PeñaGonzález et al., 2019; Marinho et al., 2020; Parr et al., 2020; Ramli et al., 2020; Businari et al., 2021). Adding further complexity to this process, the Relative Age Effect (RAE) shed light upon the influence of chronological age on athletic performance (Massa, 2017; Costa, 2018; Smith et al., 2018; Gates & Oak, 2021; Kelly et al., 2021).
Within academic literature, a substantial correlation has been established between an athlete’s birth month or quartile and their performance outcomes when juxtaposed with their peers (Lidor, Maayan, & Arnon, 2021; Lemoyne, Trudeau, & Grondin, 2023). The RAE theory postulates that athletes born in the first half of the year may enjoy physiological and musculoskeletal advantages over their counterparts born in the latter half (Smith et al., 2018; Rubia et al., 2020; Gil et al., 2021). Depending on their stage of maturation, these athletes could potentially possess a maturation edge of 6 to 9 months (Guimarães et al., 2019; Malina et al., 2019; Peña-González et al., 2019; Gates & Oak, 2021; Gonzalez et al., 2021; De Almeida-Neto et al., 2023).
The centrality of Relative Age in shaping athletic pedagogy and competitive prowess has surfaced as a salient subject in the prevailing intellectual discourse (De Almeida-Neto et al., 2023; Lemoyne, Trudeau, & Grondin, 2023). An extensive array of sports utilizes Relative Age as a cornerstone for athlete stratification and categorization (Wattie,
Schorer, & Baker, 2015; Mazzardo et al., 2016; Pedretti et al., 2016; Coutinho et al., 2017; Massa et al., 2017; Werneck et al., 2017). It is of significance to note that athletic contests are predominantly structured into divisions predicated on the athletes’ year of birth (Lucena et al., 2020; Webdale et al., 2020; De La Rubia et al., 2021; Gil et al., 2021; Lidor, Maayan, & Arnon, 2021). A compendium of studies posit that the temporal placement of athletes’ birth may steer and inform athletic training and talent scouting processes (Wattie, Schorer, & Baker, 2015; Rabelo et al., 2016; Silva Filho et al., 2016; Takacs & Romann, 2016; Massa et al., 2017; Werneck et al., 2017; Smith et al., 2018; Webdale et al., 2020; De Almeida-Neto et al., 2023).
In the specific sphere of 3×3 basketball, no scholarly work has been discovered that regards the RAE as a crucial element in deciphering the performance indices of youthful competitors (Ortega et al., 2021; T & Rock, 2021; Andrianova et al., 2022; Lou et al., 2023; Sansone et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023). The hypothesis that competitors born in the earlier part of the year could manifest significant augmentations in muscle mass, strength, speed, among other variables due to their progressed maturation phase compared to those born in the later part remains unconfirmed for this sport. The outcomes for other sports disciplines continue to be a matter of dispute (Webdale et al., 2020; De AlmeidaNeto et al., 2023; Lemoyne, Trudeau, & Grondin, 2023). As a consequence, this investigation seeks to delve into the association between Relative Age and individual stratification in the FIBA3x3 Ranking.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This investigation embodies a descriptive correlational study, architected to enable the examination of interconnections between variables. The fundamental design encompasses the aggregation of data on multiple variables from identical subjects and the ascertainment of their interconnectedness (Thomas, Nelson, & Silverman, 2012).
The study cohort comprised 331 male athletes in the under-18 category, aged between 16-18 years with a mean age of 17.5 (SD 0.83). These athletes were prominently ranked in the PLAYFIBA/3×3 system during the 2018-2023 sports seasons. FIBA computes this ranking predicated on each athlete’s top nine individual outcomes over a 12-month duration. The points conferred to each athlete are contingent on several criteria: a) the significance/level of the event (color); b) the team’s ultimate standing in the event; c) the accumulation of results at the culmination of the league; and, d) each athlete’s individual statistics at the termination of each event.
Data aggregation for this research was executed indirectly through an online examination of athletes’ information on the official FIBA3x3 Platform: https://fiba3x3.com/. The data procured encompassed each athlete’s personal details, such as name, age, weight, and height, which each subject furnished during their official registration on the platform. The researchers did not have any direct interaction with the athletes during the data aggregation process as the information is publicly accessible.
To qualify for this study, participants were necessitated to fulfill the following inclusion/exclusion criteria: (1) sustain an active profile as an official athlete on the PLAYFIBA 3X3 website/application; (2) possess a ranking by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) in the men’s under-18 category; (3) subjects who failed to meet any of these inclusion criteria were excluded.
Data procured from the FIBA3x3 platform enabled the categorization of athletes, segregating them into birth quartiles. This procedure was instrumental for juxtaposing individual performance with athletes’ birth quartile and their standing in the official FIBA 3×3 ranking. The demarcation point for quartile categorization, specific to Brazilian 3×3 basketball athletes, commences on January 1.
For data collation and statistical analysis, SPSS for Windows® software, version 25.0, was utilized. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, in conjunction with the Lilliefors significance test (p< 0.05), was employed to test data normality. The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to compare the four distinct birth quartiles. Spearman’s correlation test was used to scrutinize the relationship between birth quartile, national ranking, decimal age, and birth month variables. For both tests, a significance level of p< 0.05 was adopted.
In terms of ethical considerations of this research, due to the utilization of information from publicly accessible databases, this study is exempt from local ethics committee review (Barboza-Neto et al., 2023), as per Resolution No. 510/16 of the National Health Council of Brazil (Brazil, 2016), which delineates specific ethical guidelines for research in human and social sciences (CHS), as stipulated in Article 1’s sole paragraph.
FINDINGS
Table 1 displays the results of the data normality test. Given the sample size (n=331), both the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and the Lilliefors significance test were employed, each with a significance level of 95% (P<0.05).
Table 1 – Kolmogorov-Smirnov of the Variables: Birth Quartile, National Ranking, Month of Birth, and Decimal Age.
Source: the author.
All variables were determined to be non-parametric (p<0.05). Therefore, to ascertain the difference between the averages of the national ranking of Brazilian 3×3 basketball athletes, the Kruskal-Wallis test was utilized. The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated no effect of the National Ranking position on the Birth Quartile [X2(3) = 7.165; P>0.05]; however, there was an effect of the Birth Month on the Birth Quartile [X2(3) = 306.495; P<0.001]; and, an effect of Decimal Age on the Birth Quartile [X2(3) = 56.48; P<0.001]. From the test results, it was determined that there was no significant difference between the means of the national ranking position for each birth quartile (p>0.05). Therefore, it was not possible to confirm that the birth quartile influences the position in the national ranking of 3×3 basketball athletes.
The Spearman correlation test was conducted to examine the relationship between the variables of birth quartile, national ranking, decimal age, and birth month. The values are presented in Table 2.
Table 2 – Spearman’s correlation between the variable’s quartile of birth, national ranking, decimal age and month of birth.
Source: the author.
The results in Table 2 indicate that the correlation between birth month and national ranking was significant, p< 0.05, and the other correlations were significant, with p< 0.01. Considering these correlations and based on the study proposed by Dancey and Reidy (2006), it is inferred that the correlation between the variable national ranking with the birth quartile variables (0.125, P>0.05) and birth month (0.130, P>0.05) were significant, but can be considered weak. In other words, the classification in the FIBA3x3 ranking of Brazilian under-18 male athletes was not significantly influenced by Relative Age, whether considering the birth quartile or the birth month, as depicted in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Comparison of the National Ranking with the quartile of birth and the month of birth.
Source: the author.
DISCUSSION
The outcomes of this inquiry signify a void of the Relative Age Effect (RAE) in the under18 male division in 3×3 basketball. Hence, this variable does not seem to impact the individual stratification of athletes in the FIBA 3×3 Ranking, when considering exclusively Brazilian athletes. This revelation contrasts with the research of SaavedraGarcía et al. (2015), who reported the existence of RAE in the under-17, under-19, and under-21 divisions, for both male and female athletes, in FIBA-organized basketball world championships. The RAE was most conspicuous in the under-17 division.
In a parallel vein, Oliveira et al. (2017) demonstrated RAE in players of this division in the Brazilian basketball championship, with results indicating that RAE may contribute to an improved team ranking. Arrieta et al. (2015) also discovered a significant correlation between RAE and team ranking in European basketball championships in the U-16, U18, and U-20 divisions for both genders.
In a study conducted by Ibanez et al. (2018), RAE was examined in elite under-18 basketball according to playing positions during the “Adidas Next Generation Tournament,” the primary European competition in this division. The study found that RAE was predominantly present in subjects born at the initiation of the year (Q1 = 67%; Q2 = 33%).
However, upon a more detailed examination of each of these studies, inconsistencies in the outcomes of RAE—whether in categories, genders, birth quartiles, birth month, and decimal age of the surveyed athletes—were observed. These inconsistencies pose a challenge to attributing definitive robustness to the returned data.
While there is evidence of RAE in various contexts within basketball, its influence appears to be inconsistent across different categories and genders. Further research is necessitated to fully comprehend the complexities of RAE and its impact on athlete development and performance.
The outcomes of this study align with those presented in the research conducted by Campos et al. (2018), who analyzed the Relative Age Effect (RAE) in 178 female adult category volleyball athletes from 12 different teams during the 2016/2017 season of the Brazilian Volleyball Super league. They found no significant influence of RAE (P>0.05) on the general constitution of the teams during the competition or on specific questions when considering the specific playing positions of the lifters, middle forwards, and opposite attackers, except for libero players (P<0.05). However, when considering the total sum of athletes (N=178), there was no statistically significant evidence of RAE (P>0.05).
In this investigation, there was no significant disparity between the averages of the national ranking position for each birth quartile (p>0.05), suggesting that the birth quartile does not impact the position in the national ranking of 3×3 basketball athletes. This observation aligns with the study conducted by Silva, Padilha, and Costa (2015) which aimed to identify RAE in men’s and women’s World Cups across various categories. The birth dates of 1886 players were gathered, divided by category and quartiles. The study discovered statistically significant differences in males in the adult category and the under-20 category. However, in females, there were no statistically significant disparities between quartiles and different categories, reinforcing the absence of RAE in female soccer.
The research conducted by Maciel et al., (2022) examined the Relative Age Effect (RAE) in 1,455 Brazilian basketball athletes (503 females and 952 males), aged from 9 to 19 years (14.37 ± 2.0 years), who participated in the Campeonato Catarinense de Basquete (Brazil) during the 2018 season. The findings demonstrated an over-representation of athletes in the first two quartiles of the year across all categories. However, a statistical difference was only observed in the under-13 male category when comparing the average participation in games and the number of points scored.
In a separate study, Barboza-Neto et al., (2023), examined the top 50 athletes in the ranking of athletics speed events in both U-16 and U-18 categories (female and male). The results indicated the presence of RAE in males across both categories, while this effect was not observed in any female category. When segregated by race type, RAE was only observed in the shallow event of the under-18 female category.
Contrastingly, the study led by Massa et al., (2017) with athletes affiliated with the Brazilian Rugby Confederation did not indicate a significant difference for birth distribution between quartiles of the year (P>0.05). Thus, no evidence of RAE was found among athletes affiliated with the Brazilian Rugby Confederation, corroborating the findings of our current study.
The results of our research reveal a weak and inversely proportional correlation between national ranking and decimal age (-0.329, p<0.05). This suggests a trend whereas national ranking decreases, an individual’s decimal age increases. In other words, older athletes tend to occupy higher positions in national rankings. However, due to the weak correlation indicated by the Spearman test, this statement cannot be definitively confirmed.
In line with this, the study conducted by Ribeiro Junior et al., (2013) aimed to investigate the correlation between relative age and ranking classification among children, adolescents, and professional field tennis players. The study analyzed 924 athletes of both genders. The findings indicated that the RAE was present only in male categories within the age groups of 14 years (P<0.05) and 18 years (P<0.05), respectively. However, the authors highlighted several misconceptions regarding the understanding and study of RAE in tennis. They noted that athletes with an age gap of up to 50 months could compete against each other in the 18-year-old category, raising the question: does the age difference among athletes classified in quartiles, semesters, or months influence their ranking position? The association of RAE with only two categories in the research suggests that RAE does not necessarily explain or justify superior performance or higher ranking in tennis.
The Spearman test revealed a weak correlation, suggesting that older Brazilian under-18 male 3×3 basketball athletes, as per “decimal age”, do not necessarily hold better positions in the National Ranking of the sport. Therefore, it was not demonstrated that birth quartile or decimal age are associated with a higher position in the national ranking. Moreover, no difference was found in the national ranking average across each birth quartile. These findings are consistent with studies conducted by Silva; P; Costa, 2015; Campos et al., 2018.
Albuquerque (2013) conducted research analyzing athletes from Taekwondo and Judo modalities of both genders who participated in Olympic Games across different decades. The author constructed an investigation on RAE through four studies: Study 1 collected data from 291 Olympic Taekwondo athletes; Study 2 collected data from 70 Olympic Taekwondo medalists; Study 3 collected data from 1,738 Olympic judo athletes; and Study 4 collected data from 2,427 judo athletes. In Studies 1 and 2, within the Taekwondo modality, no influence of RAE on athlete performance was recorded when classified in quartiles and semesters of the year (P>0.05), corroborating our study’s findings.
In contrast, the study presented by Tozetto et al., (2017) did not find any RAE. The researchers analyzed a potential association between birthplace and relative age with medal-winning among 186 Brazilian Olympic medalist athletes. The results demonstrated that birthplace influences Olympic medal achievement (P<0.05), particularly considering Olympic medalist athletes born in areas with better living conditions, as indicated by an average MHDI only appearing in cities with more than 100 thousand inhabitants. However, no significant associations were found concerning RAE (P>0.05), suggesting that this variable did not contribute to Olympic medal achievement, which directly supports our study’s findings.
The RAE remains a contentious issue and cannot be definitively established as a determinant factor in Basketball 3×3 or other sports. Another crucial point is that a comparison of the results obtained in this research with other studies revealed a descending curve in the RAE. In other words, as the chronological, decimal and relative age of the athletes increases along with their biological maturation period, there is a
decline or inversion in the RAE on performance and sports performance factors.
To date, it has not been possible to establish the RAE as a decisive factor for individual positioning in the ranking of FIBA3x3 male under-18 category of Brazilian athletes. Moreover, no studies have been identified that present significant results proving the RAE on performance level or individual classification in the ranking of international federations and national confederations of under-18 category male 3×3 basketball athletes.
CONCLUSIONS
This study endeavored to explore the correlation between Relative Age Effect (RAE) and individual standings in the FIBA3x3 Ranking within the male under-18 category. The findings suggest that RAE did not exhibit a significant correlation when juxtaposing birth quartiles with positions in the national ranking of Brazilian under-18 athletes in the 3×3 basketball modality. Furthermore, no discernible RAE was observed in the National Ranking when comparing variables such as “month of birth” and “Decimal Age”. Consequently, it is deemed crucial to conduct additional studies to assess the influence of biological maturation level and RAE on the selection process of young players in this modality. This will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing player selection and performance in this sport.
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1 Master in Physical Education Federal
University of Santa Maria – UFSM /Brazil
E-mail: douglassantos249@outlook.com
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9731-0456
2 PhD in Molecular Biology University of Gurupi – UnirG /Brazil
E-mail robson.olivoto@unirg.edu.br
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6233-6894
3 PhD in Physical Education and Pedagogical Practice
State University of Western Paraná
E-mail: jose.mendes@unioeste.br
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7101-0933
Author’s data for correspondence:
Douglas dos Santos Taborda
St. Paul’s Street, 85, Apt 1108, Center, City of Bento Gonçalves/ State of Rio Grande do Sul RS/Brazil
Phone number: (+55) 55 9 9234-6198
e-mail: douglassantos249@outlook.com