ENVELHECIMENTO SAUDÁVEL: PREVENÇÃO, PROMOÇÃO E O PAPEL DA EQUIPE MULTIPROFISSIONAL
REGISTRO DOI: 10.69849/revistaft/pa10202506152014
Werllison Mateus Silva Lobato1; Thayse do Socorro Pereira de Souza1; Juliana Maria Batista Lima1; Jose Paula Farias Andrade1; Denize Oliveira Galvão1; Aline de Oliveira Sampaio1; Ana Carolina Soares Gonçalves2; Ana Paula de Nazaré Soares Rego3; Helena Beatriz Marques Macedo3; Josenilda Silva Moraes4
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The increase in life expectancy is one of humanity’s major achievements in recent decades, reflecting advancements in health sciences and improvements in living conditions. However, the ageing population, particularly in Brazil, presents significant challenges for public policies and health systems, as it occurs in an accelerated and disorganized manner, generating new social and health demands. Objective: The objective of this study is to understand the difficulties faced by the elderly population, the intervention strategies adopted by health teams, and the importance of active ageing as a tool for promoting quality of life. This aims to improve care practices and the public policies that meet the diverse needs of the elderly population. Methodology: The study followed an Integrative Literature Review (ILR) with a qualitative and descriptive approach, focusing on the role of the multi-professional team in promoting healthy ageing. It was structured in six stages, from formulating the guiding question to presenting results, utilizing the PICo tool for organizing review elements and PRISMA criteria for rigorous article selection. Data analysis was conducted using Content Analysis. Results: The ILR resulted in the selection of 19 relevant articles after an initial screening of 385 publications. The results revealed a predominance of elderly women with low levels of education and a diversity of health conditions among the elderly, highlighting the importance of maintaining functional capacity as an indicator of quality of life. Discussion: Data analysis pointed to four main categories related to healthy ageing: “Active Ageing,” “Difficulties Faced by the Elderly,” “The Role of the Multi-professional Team,” and “Interventions to Promote Healthy Ageing.” Active ageing is recognized as a collective responsibility, and practices promoting healthy habits are essential to enhancing life quality and increasing healthy life expectancy. Final Considerations: The promotion of healthy ageing requires an integrated effort from health teams, effective public policies, and societal engagement. The reconstruction of care practices and a broad and inclusive approach are fundamental to addressing the needs of older individuals, especially in contexts of social inequality. The study concludes that developing targeted interventions and valuing the role of the multi-professional team are crucial for facing the challenges imposed by the ageing population.
Keywords: Healthy aging; Multiprofessional team; Quality of life; Elderly people.
RESUMO
Introdução: O aumento da expectativa de vida é uma das grandes conquistas da humanidade nas últimas décadas, refletindo os avanços das ciências da saúde e a melhoria das condições de vida. Contudo, o envelhecimento populacional, particularmente no Brasil, apresenta desafios significativos para as políticas públicas e os sistemas de saúde, pois ocorre de forma acelerada e desorganizada, gerando novas demandas sociais e de saúde. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é compreender as dificuldades enfrentadas pela população idosa, as estratégias de intervenção adotadas pelas equipes de saúde e a importância do envelhecimento ativo como ferramenta para a promoção da qualidade de vida. Visa aprimorar as práticas assistenciais e as políticas públicas que atendam às diversas necessidades da população idosa. Metodologia: O estudo seguiu uma Revisão Integrativa da Literatura (RIL) com abordagem qualitativa e descritiva, com foco no papel da equipe multiprofissional na promoção do envelhecimento saudável. Foi estruturado em seis etapas, desde a formulação da questão norteadora até a apresentação dos resultados, utilizando a ferramenta PICo para organização dos elementos da revisão e os critérios PRISMA para seleção rigorosa dos artigos. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: A RIL resultou na seleção de 19 artigos relevantes após uma triagem inicial de 385 publicações. Os resultados revelaram predomínio de mulheres idosas, com baixa escolaridade e diversidade de condições de saúde entre os idosos, evidenciando a importância da manutenção da capacidade funcional como indicador de qualidade de vida. Discussão: A análise dos dados apontou quatro categorias principais relacionadas ao envelhecimento saudável: “Envelhecimento Ativo”, “Dificuldades Enfrentadas pelos Idosos”, “O Papel da Equipe Multiprofissional” e “Intervenções para a Promoção do Envelhecimento Saudável”. O envelhecimento ativo é reconhecido como uma responsabilidade coletiva, e práticas que promovam hábitos saudáveis são essenciais para a melhoria da qualidade de vida e o aumento da expectativa de vida saudável. Considerações Finais: A promoção do envelhecimento saudável requer um esforço integrado das equipes de saúde, políticas públicas eficazes e engajamento da sociedade. A reconstrução das práticas de cuidado e uma abordagem ampla e inclusiva são fundamentais para o atendimento das necessidades dos idosos, especialmente em contextos de desigualdade social. O estudo conclui que o desenvolvimento de intervenções direcionadas e a valorização do papel da equipe multiprofissional são cruciais para o enfrentamento dos desafios impostos pelo envelhecimento populacional.
Palavras-chave: Envelhecimento saudável; Equipe multiprofissional; Qualidade de vida; Idosos.
INTRODUCTION
Increased life expectancy is one of humanity’s most significant achievements in recent decades, reflecting significant advances in health sciences, medical technology and the general living conditions of the population (Escorsim, 2021). However, this process of demographic and epidemiological transition, although positive, brings with it a set of substantial challenges for public policies, health systems and society as a whole. Population ageing, once restricted to developed countries, has also become a reality in developing countries such as Brazil, where it is occurring at an accelerated and often disorganized rate (Magalhães et al., 2023).
Demographic data shows this transformation: the number of elderly Brazilians (people aged 60 or over) rose from 3 million in 1960 to 14 million in 2002, with projections indicating continued growth, exceeding 32 million in 2020 (Escorsim, 2021). This rapid expansion of the elderly imposes new social and health demands. Unlike what happened in nations like Belgium, where ageing occurred slowly and was accompanied by gradual improvements in social indicators, in developing countries this transition is rapid and challenging, making it difficult to adequately restructure care systems (Escorsim, 2021; Magalhães et al., 2023).
In addition, a large part of the Brazilian population is aging without basic health and well-being conditions, whether due to lack of access to information, inadequate housing conditions, low income, sedentary lifestyle, unbalanced diet or lack of efficient public policies (Nicoletti; Almeida, 2021). In contexts of high social inequality, there is also what can be described as “accelerated ageing”, characterized by greater susceptibility to oxidative stress, early accumulated molecular damage and increased risk of chronic diseases and functional disabilities (Moura et al., 2023).
Ageing, although natural, is not a uniform process. It results from the complex interaction between biological, psychological, social, environmental and cultural factors. The World Health Organization (WHO), according to Souza et al. (2023), proposes the concept of healthy ageing, understood as the process of developing and maintaining the functional capacity that enables well-being in old age. This capacity is defined by the interaction between the individual’s intrinsic capacity – their physical and mental conditions – and the environment in which they live, including social relationships, access to services and community support (Sofiatti et al., 2021).
Against this backdrop, the importance of a multi-professional team in the health care of the elderly stands out. The complexity of the factors surrounding ageing requires an interdisciplinary and integrated approach, capable of going beyond the traditional biomedical view and understanding the elderly person as a whole (Cruz et al., 2021). Coordinated action between different health professionals – such as doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, nutritionists, psychologists, social workers and others – makes it possible to develop more complete interventions, promoting the prevention of illnesses, the proper management of chronic diseases, functional rehabilitation and psychosocial support (Ceccon et al., 2021).
The collaborative approach also favors strengthening autonomy, improving self-esteem and increasing the quality of life of the elderly. Care environments that encourage the exchange of knowledge, welcoming and respect for individualities contribute to a more active, participatory and healthy old age (Rosa et al., 2022). However, many health units still face significant limitations – such as a lack of adequate infrastructure, a shortage of appropriate technologies and poor training of professionals – which compromises the effectiveness of care (Nicoletti; Almeida, 2021).
In this context, this study aims to investigate, in the light of scientific literature, the role of the multi-professional team in preventing and promoting healthy ageing. It seeks to highlight the main difficulties faced by the elderly population, understand the intervention strategies adopted by health teams and deepen understanding of active ageing as a tool for promoting quality of life. The aim is to help improve care practices and support the construction of more effective public policies that meet the real needs of the elderly population in all its diversity.
METHODOLOGY
This study is an Integrative Literature Review (ILR) with a qualitative and descriptive approach, which aims to gather, synthesize and critically analyze the available knowledge on the role of the multiprofessional team in promoting healthy aging. The qualitative review allows for the construction of grounded interpretations, seeking to understand the meanings and implications of the findings in health practices (Presado; Baixinho; Oliveira, 2021).
The RIL was conducted based on the methodological model proposed by Mendes, Silveira and Galvão (2008), structured in six sequential stages: (1) identification of the guiding question; (2) search and selection of relevant literature; (3) definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria; (4) data collection; (5) critical analysis of the selected studies; and (6) presentation of the results and discussion. This methodology is recognized for its comprehensiveness and flexibility, making it possible to integrate different methods and levels of evidence with a focus on the practical applicability of the results.
The qualitative approach, in turn, aims to understand complex phenomena by describing the data in detail and valuing the subjective and social contexts involved. According to Augusto et al. (2013), this approach allows us to interpret aspects related to the beliefs, experiences, attitudes and practices of individuals, favoring the construction of theoretical models applicable to the reality of health, especially in the areas of primary care and gerontogeriatrics.
The descriptive perspective used in the study aims to portray the health conditions and challenges related to ageing in a systematic way, considering variables such as time, space and characteristics of the subjects, making it possible to answer the central problem of the research (Augusto et al., 2013).
The data was collected through the Virtual Health Library (VHL), using the Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) combined with the Boolean operators AND and OR, to optimize the accuracy of the retrieval of articles. The terms used in the search were: Healthy Aging, Elderly Person and Patient Care Team. The data collection protocol was based on an adaptation of the instrument drawn up by Ursi and Galvão (2006), previously tested to ensure safety and reliability in checking the information.
To construct the guiding question and organize the elements of the review, the PICo model was used, which includes the following components: Patient/Population (elderly person), Intervention (actions of the multi-professional team), Context (Primary Health Care), enabling the clear formulation of the investigative focus. In addition, the selection of studies followed the principles of PRISMA – Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses – ensuring transparency and rigor in the selection and evaluation of articles (Mendes; Miskulin, 2017; Page et al., 2023).
The inclusion criteria were: articles available in full, published in Portuguese, directly related to the research question, original studies and available on the selected database. The publication period was from 2018 to 2024, in order to ensure that the data analyzed was up-to- date. Abstracts, books, dissertations, theses, end-of-course papers, as well as duplicate articles or those that did not meet the previously defined criteria were excluded.
Data analysis was conducted using Content Analysis, according to the technique proposed by Bardin (2016), which is widely used in qualitative research as it allows for the categorization and in-depth interpretation of the discourses present in the texts. The method was divided into three main stages:
- Pre-analysis – stage of organizing and systematizing the data, identifying the material and defining the categories of analysis;
- Exploration of the material – detailed reading of the texts and coding of the relevant data, classifying the information according to thematic and conceptual criteria;
- Treatment of the results – inference and interpretation of the data based on the theoretical framework, enabling the construction of meanings and the identification of significant patterns in the discourses analyzed (Bardin, 2016; Mendes; Miskulin, 2017).
This analytical process made it possible to integrate the data extracted from the articles and the theoretical concepts discussed, enabling a comprehensive and critical understanding of the role of the multi-professional team in promoting the health of the elderly, in line with the principles of Primary Health Care and active ageing.
RESULTS
The literature search resulted in a total of 385 publications by pre-selected and identified terms, 165 articles were screened by abstract, language and methodology, selecting 57 articles to read in full. After the excluded reports, only 19 articles were included in the RIL. To organize the results, a table was drawn up describing the following characteristics: article number (Nº), authors, year of publication, article title, method, research results and conclusions (Chart 1).
Chart 1 – Distribution of articles according to number, authors, year, title, method and results.
Source: Prepared by the authors, 2025.
DISCUSSION
Based on the analysis of the results, three categories were created to present the scientific evidence on the main difficulties encountered by the elderly during healthy ageing: “Active ageing”, “The main difficulties encountered by the elderly during healthy ageing”, “The multi-professional team faced with healthy ageing” and “Interventions to promote healthy ageing”.
Active aging
The analysis of this category, based on seven articles, shows that the concept of active ageing transcends the mere chronological counting of age, being understood as an achievement and, at the same time, a collective responsibility of society and public managers. Aging is a dynamic process, composed of morphological, physiological, biochemical and psychological changes, strongly influenced by quality of life, individual behaviors, adaptation to the environment and genetic factors (Souza; Silva; Barros, 2021).
In this context, active ageing is seen as a strategy capable of increasing healthy life expectancy and improving the quality of life of the elderly. Healthy habits associated with this process act as a protective factor against neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease (Santos et al., 2021). It should also be noted that maintaining functionality is one of the main objectives of the elderly, and is one of the most sought-after benefits of socializing groups, especially when linked to Primary Health Care (PHC) (Previato et al., 2019).
Regular physical activity stands out as a central component of active ageing, promoting increased strength, muscle mass and joint flexibility. Evidence shows that the elderly population benefits most from this practice, resulting in a better quality of life (Loureiro et al., 2024). Studies show that physically active elderly people have a better perception of health and greater general well-being, linking this practice to disease prevention and the promotion of a healthy life (Sousa; Gonçalves; Gamba, 2018; Souza; Silva; Barros, 2021).
In addition, participation in leisure, socialization and learning activities contributes significantly to improving physical and mental health, reinforcing quality of life in old age. Physical activity, in this context, is a promising tool for stimulating the engagement of the elderly with the environment and with their own health, slowing the progression of chronic diseases and promoting general well-being (Almeida et al., 2020; Souza; Silva; Barros, 2021).
Main difficulties encountered by elderly people during healthy aging
In this category, which comprises nine articles, it was possible to identify the multiple challenges faced in aging, especially in Brazil, where population aging is advancing at a rapid pace. It can be seen that many elderly people have their independence compromised by chronic degenerative diseases, which makes it difficult to carry out daily activities (Sousa; Gonçalves; Gamba, 2018).
Factors such as the absence of family life have a negative impact on the quality of ageing. Loureiro et al. (2024) point out that lonelier elderly people tend to have less active ageing, due to the greater physical and social vulnerability caused by comorbidities. Andrade et al. (2019) emphasize that ageing is a heterogeneous process, influenced by sociocultural, historical, biological and genetic determinants.
From an immunological point of view, the phenomenon of “inflammaging” stands out, a chronic low-grade inflammatory state that contributes to the frailty of the elderly. Social vulnerability is also relevant and is mitigated by affective and reciprocal support networks, which promote well-being. Racism and racial discrimination are also factors that intensify the processes of illness and compromise healthy ageing (Bomfim, 2022; Moreira et al., 2020).
Previous conditions such as hunger, low schooling, childhood illnesses and place of residence have a direct impact on self-rated health in old age. Older people from rural areas, with less access to health services and education, tend to evaluate their health more negatively (Santos et al., 2021). Valuing social, emotional, relational and spiritual dimensions is essential for promoting well-being (Fonseca, 2023).
The increase in functional disabilities and emotional challenges reinforces the importance of effective public policies. Studies show that positive emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects, such as resilience and the development of a positive identity about old age, are fundamental to aging well (Silva Júnior; Eulálio, 2022; Duarte et al., 2018).
Taguchi et al. (2021) point out that, more than the quantity of interactions, the quality of interpersonal bonds plays a central role in coping with the adversities of old age. Strengthening these bonds, especially family ties, contributes to resilient and quality ageing.
The multidisciplinary team facing healthy aging
Based on six articles, this category highlights that aging is a multifaceted process, requiring innovative care models capable of carrying out rapid and continuous interventions that consider the functionality and environment of the elderly (Maia et al., 2020).
Alves et al. (2023) point out that multi-professional care still lacks integrated action, both in terms of theoretical knowledge and practical engagement with the guidelines of the National Health Policy for the Elderly. The link between previous conditions and current health is a valuable resource for promoting effective care (Santos; Duarte; Lebrão, 2018).
According to Freitas, Costa and Alvarez (2022), it is essential for the multi-professional team to develop health promotion actions based on recognizing the territory, valuing the individuality of the elderly and articulating with intersectoral partnerships. Strengthening the bond with the elderly is crucial to promoting adherence to treatment and the adoption of healthy lifestyles.
Veras (2020) stresses the importance of basic health units organized with double professionals (doctor and nurse), supported by gerontologists, to ensure a comprehensive approach that considers clinical and social aspects, supported by efficient information systems.
In-depth knowledge of patients’ life histories allows for more qualified and cost- effective interventions. The ideal care proposal aims to reduce waste and increase the quality of health care for the elderly, both in the public and private sectors (Alves et al., 2023).
Interventions to promote healthy aging
The last category, made up of four articles, brings together evidence on effective interventions to promote healthy ageing. Valuing the context of the elderly person’s life and using dialog as a central tool in care emerge as fundamental strategies within the scope of Popular Health Education (Stobäus; Lira; Ribeiro, 2018).
Antunes and Almeida (2019) highlight the importance of continuing education, promoted through participatory workshops, as a way of stimulating meaningful learning, strengthening interpersonal bonds and fostering successful ageing.
In addition, Souza et al. (2020) propose a health promotion model based on bonds, continuing education, prevention and coordination of care, prioritizing light but resolutive approaches. These models aim to solve the challenges posed by fragmented care in contemporary health systems.
Maia et al. (2020) emphasize that the work of the multi-professional team is decisive in facilitating adaptation to the changes of ageing. Building a positive identity about old age, combined with a balance between losses and gains, is an essential foundation for active and healthy ageing.
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
The results of this Integrative Literature Review highlight the strategic importance of the multi-professional team in promoting and preventing the health of the elderly. These professionals play a leading role in building and strengthening bonds with patients, promoting greater adherence to treatments and encouraging the adoption of healthier lifestyles. Qualified assistance, based on dialog and sensitive listening, is the central axis of care, valuing the lives of the elderly and encouraging their autonomy through continuing education.
As shown in the studies analyzed, the multi-professional team has a wide field of action with the elderly population, and is essential in creating connections between previous conditions and the current state of health. This integrated approach strengthens Primary Health Care (PHC) as a privileged space for longitudinal and humanized care.
Thus, it can be concluded that strengthening multi-professional action can make a significant contribution to healthy ageing and improving the quality of life of the elderly. It is hoped that this review will contribute to broadening the scientific debate and inspire future research aimed at improving multi-professional care practices in the context of population ageing.
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1 Graduando em Enfermagem, Universidade da Amazônia (UNAMA)
2 Graduada em Odontologia, Centro Universitário Maurício de Nassau (UNINASSAU)
3 Graduada em Enfermagem, Universidade da Amazônia (UNAMA)
4 Graduada em Enfermagem, Centro Universitário Metropolitano da Amazônia (UNIFAMAZ)